• Skip to primary navigation
  • Skip to main content
  • Skip to primary sidebar
Biting at the Bits logo
  • HOME
  • ABOUT
  • RECIPE INDEX
  • CONTACT
  • Nav Social Menu

    • YouTube
menu icon
go to homepage
  • ABOUT
  • RECIPE INDEX
  • CONTACT
  • WINTER
  • Find us on Social!

    • Facebook
    • Instagram
    • Pinterest
    • Twitter
    • YouTube
  • subscribe
    search icon
    Homepage link
    • ABOUT
    • RECIPE INDEX
    • CONTACT
    • WINTER
  • Find us on Social!

    • Facebook
    • Instagram
    • Pinterest
    • Twitter
    • YouTube
  • ×
    Home » Recipes » Fish + Seafood

    Delicious 4-Minute Lobster Tails (for one or a crowd)

    Modified: Apr 23, 2023 by Kelly Leding · This post may contain affiliate links · 7 Comments

    Jump to Recipe·5 from 7 reviews

    Want to know how to boil lobster tails perfectly every time? This 4-minute boiled lobster tail recipe delivers restaurant-quality results with tender, sweet meat and rich clarified butter for dipping. Whether you're cooking for a special occasion or a Tuesday night treat, if you can boil water, you can make this impressive lobster dinner.

    a tender cooked and slightly curled fresh lobster tail sitting in a pasta bowl of clarified butter

    I've been making lobster this way for years, and after testing countless methods, boiling remains the most reliable way to get perfectly tender lobster tails without overcooking them into rubber. The secret is all in the timing and using cold water lobster tails for the sweetest, most succulent results.

    If you enjoy this quick seafood recipe, try this 4-minute pan-seared Argentinian Red Shrimp recipe, and this delicious Scallops au Gratin!

    Jump to:
    • What is Boiled Lobster Tail?
    • Why This Boiled Lobster Tail Recipe Works
    • Why You'll Love This Recipe
    • How to Choose Fresh or Frozen Lobster Tails
    • Ingredients for Boiled Lobster Tails
    • How Long to Boil Lobster Tails
    • How to Cook Frozen Lobster Tails
    • Step-by-Step Instructions
    • Optional Lobster Cooking-Water Add-Ins
    • What to Serve with Lobster Tails
    • Other Ways to Use This Boiled Lobster
    • Top Tips for Perfect Boiled Lobster Tails
    • How to Store Cooked Lobster Meat
    • FAQ
    • More Easy Recipes
    • 📖 Recipe
    • Optional Lobster Cooking Water Addins
    • Food Safety
    • A Brief History of Lobster

    What is Boiled Lobster Tail?

    Boiled lobster tail is a classic cooking method where lobster tails are submerged in salted, simmering water until the meat turns opaque and the shell becomes bright red.

    This gentle cooking technique produces tender, juicy lobster meat in just 3-4 minutes for standard 4-ounce tails. Boiling is one of the fastest and most forgiving methods for cooking lobster, making it ideal for home cooks who want restaurant-quality results.

    Add a side salad and a baked potato, and dinner is ready in 15 minutes or less. And if you're also a meat-lover, this makes a perfect surf n' turf pairing.

    Why This Boiled Lobster Tail Recipe Works

    • Just 4 minutes of cooking time for perfectly tender 4-ounce lobster tails
    • Works with fresh or frozen lobster tails (no thawing required for frozen)
    • Clarified butter removes milk solids for pure, rich flavor without burning
    • Zatarain's liquid crab boil adds subtle depth without overpowering the sweet lobster
    • Low in calories, high in protein (about 127 calories per 4-ounce tail)
    top down view of a bowl of corn chowder with lobster tail, sliced corn on the cob piece with an argentinian royal red shrimp and sprinkling of chives and parsley

    Why You'll Love This Recipe

    • Ready in under 15 minutes from start to finish
    • Only 3 main ingredients needed
    • Restaurant-quality dinner at a fraction of the price
    • Scalable for one person or a crowd
    • Perfect for lobster rolls, lobster mac and cheese, or seafood corn chowder

    How to Choose Fresh or Frozen Lobster Tails

    Buying lobster tails can feel intimidating, especially since they're often expensive. No one wants to spend their money on lobster tails for a special occasion only to discover they're mushy or smell like ammonia. Here's how to choose the best lobster tail every time.

    Choose Cold Water Lobster

    Lobsters are caught in two environments: cold water and warm water. Cold water lobster is more consistent, sweeter, and more tender because the frigid temperatures produce firmer, higher-quality meat. If you've read my post about Royal Red shrimp, you know cold water seafood simply tastes better.

    Cold water lobster sources: Maine, Australia, New Zealand, and South African waters

    Warm water lobster sources: Florida, the Caribbean, and Latin America

    Avoid Sodium Tripolyphosphate

    This preservative is often used on warm water lobster tails to extend shelf life. It also adds water weight that isn't actually lobster meat, meaning you're paying for water. Check labels and avoid tails treated with this additive.

    Ask Your Fishmonger

    Unless you're at a specialty seafood shop, counter staff may not know exactly where the tails come from. But it's worth asking because the origin can tell you whether it's cold water or warm water lobster.

    a turquoise painted cement cinder block wall with a pink lobster painted on the side

    Ingredients for Boiled Lobster Tails

    You only need 3 main ingredients to make perfectly tender, sweet lobster tails. See the recipe card for exact quantities.

    For the Lobster Tails

    • Sustainable wild-caught Maine lobster tails (4-ounce tails recommended)
    • Zatarain's liquid crab boil (optional but recommended for subtle depth)
    • Sea salt or kosher salt

    For the Clarified Butter

    • Salted butter (or unsalted butter plus a pinch of sea salt)

    See recipe card for quantities.

    raw blackish with coral trim lobster tail fanned out lying on a used aluminum sheet pan with a slit cut down the length of the tail running vertically

    How Long to Boil Lobster Tails

    The general rule for boiling lobster tails is 1 minute per ounce of tail weight. This timing produces perfectly cooked lobster that's opaque white throughout with a firm but tender texture.

    Lobster Tail SizeBoil TimeApprox. Calories
    3 oz tail3 minutes89 calories
    4 oz tail3-4 minutes127 calories
    5 oz tail5 minutes145 calories
    6 oz tail6 minutes160 calories
    8 oz tail8 minutes190 calories
    10 oz tail10 minutes220 calories

    Pro tip: Start checking for doneness 30 seconds before the suggested time. Lobster continues cooking after removal from water, so it's better to slightly undercook than overcook.

    How to Cook Frozen Lobster Tails

    You can boil frozen lobster tails directly without thawing them first. Simply add 2-3 extra minutes to the cooking time listed above. For a 4-ounce frozen tail, boil for 6-7 minutes instead of 3-4.

    If you prefer to thaw first, place frozen tails in the refrigerator overnight or submerge the sealed package in cold water for 30-60 minutes. Never thaw lobster at room temperature or use warm water, as this promotes bacterial growth.

    Try to get the highest quality frozen lobster tails you can find. Check the dates to avoid tails that have been frozen too long. No one wants rubbery or leathery lobster.

    Step-by-Step Instructions

    Follow this boiled lobster tail recipe for the best way to cook tender lobster at home without overcooking.

    Step 1: Clarify the Butter

    In a small pot, melt the butter slowly over medium-low heat. When the milk solids begin to separate from the fat, skim the white foam off the top, leaving only the clear golden liquid (this is your "liquid gold"). Set aside and keep warm.

    Step 2: Prepare the Cooking Water

    Bring a medium pot of salted water to a boil, then reduce the temperature to just slightly more than a simmer. Add the Zatarain's liquid crab boil if using.

    Step 3: Cook the Lobster Tails

    Add the lobster tails to the simmering water and cook for approximately 3-4 minutes (for 4-ounce tails), or until the shells turn bright red and the meat starts to curl slightly. The meat should be opaque white throughout.

    Step 4: Remove and Serve

    Remove tails from the pot. Using kitchen shears, carefully cut directly down the middle of the back of each shell and gently remove the meat. Serve immediately with a side of warm clarified butter for dipping. Enjoy!

    hand holding a bright red cooked lobster not yet removed from its shell side view

    Find detailed instructions in recipe card.

    Optional Lobster Cooking-Water Add-Ins

    Feel free to add aromatics to your cooking water. Since the lobster tails only cook for 4 minutes, let these ingredients simmer in the water for a few minutes before adding the lobster.

    • ½ lemon
    • A few whole black peppercorns
    • 1 bay leaf
    • Old Bay seasoning

    What to Serve with Lobster Tails

    Keep sides simple so the lobster remains the star. These pairings complement without competing:

    • Baked potato or mashed potatoes (classic steakhouse pairing)
    • Roasted or Pan-seared asparagus with lemon and parmesan
    • Simple green salad with Tomato-Lemon vinaigrette
    • Corn on the cob (especially in summer)
    • Crusty bread or Garlic Bread for soaking up butter
    • Pan-seared steak for surf and turf

    Wine pairing: A crisp Chardonnay or dry Champagne complements the rich butter and sweet lobster beautifully.

    Other Ways to Use This Boiled Lobster

    This 4-minute boiled lobster works perfectly for Connecticut and Maine lobster rolls, lobster mac and cheese, lobster salad, seafood corn chowder, or any other way you like to enjoy pure lobster flavor. The tails are incredibly sweet and tender, low in calories, and high in protein.

    top down view of a bowl of corn chowder with lobster tail, sliced corn on the cob piece with an argentinian royal red shrimp and sprinkling of chives and parsley

    Top Tips for Perfect Boiled Lobster Tails

    • Don't overcook. Lobster becomes rubbery and tough when overcooked. Start checking 30 seconds before the suggested time.
    • Use a gentle simmer, not a rolling boil. Violent boiling can toughen the meat. A simmer is gentler on the delicate lobster.
    • Salt the water like the sea. This seasons the lobster from the inside as it cooks.
    • Kitchen shears are essential. They make cutting through the shell much easier and safer than a knife.
    • Serve immediately. Lobster is best enjoyed right after cooking while still warm.

    How to Store Cooked Lobster Meat

    • Refrigerator: Store cooked lobster meat in an airtight container for up to 2-3 days.
    • Freezer: Cooked lobster can be frozen for up to 3 months, though the texture may change slightly.
    • Reheating: Gently reheat in butter or broth over low heat to prevent toughening.

    FAQ

    How long do you boil a 4 oz lobster tail?

    Boil a 4-ounce lobster tail for 3-4 minutes. The shell should turn bright red and the meat should be opaque white throughout. Start checking at 3 minutes to avoid overcooking.

    Is it better to steam or boil lobster tails?

    Both methods work well. Boiling is faster and more forgiving for beginners. Steaming may retain slightly more moisture but requires more attention to timing. For most home cooks, boiling produces consistently excellent results with less fuss.

    Do you cut lobster tail before boiling?

    You don't need to cut lobster tails before boiling. Cutting is optional but can help seasonings penetrate and makes removing the meat easier after cooking. If you choose to cut, use kitchen shears to slice down the top of the shell before cooking.

    How do you know when boiled lobster tails are done?

    Lobster tails are done when: the shell turns bright red, the meat is opaque white (not translucent), and the internal temperature reaches 140-145°F (60-63°C). The tail will also curl slightly and feel firm but not tough when pressed.

    Can you boil frozen lobster tails without thawing?

    Yes, you can cook frozen lobster tails directly. Add 2-3 extra minutes to the cooking time. A frozen 4-ounce tail needs about 6-7 minutes of boiling.

    Is boiled lobster tail healthy?

    Lobster is high in protein (about 28 grams per 6-ounce serving), low in fat, and rich in vitamins B12, zinc, and selenium. A 4-ounce tail contains approximately 127 calories. However, lobster is higher in cholesterol and sodium, so those with related dietary restrictions should consume in moderation.

    What is the best method for cooking lobster tails?

    The best method depends on your preference. Boiling is the fastest and most foolproof for beginners. Broiling creates a beautiful presentation with slightly caramelized tops. Steaming retains the most moisture. Grilling adds smoky flavor. For pure, tender lobster with minimal effort, boiling is hard to beat.

    More Easy Recipes

    • Authentic Italian pasta ai funghi in a white bowl topped with grated Grana Padano, a traditional mushroom pasta recipe made without cream.
      Authentic Mushroom Pasta ai Funghi (No Cream)
    • Creamy pumpkin pasta with sausage and kale in a cast iron skillet featuring trottole pasta coated in pumpkin cream sauce, an easy pumpkin pasta sauce recipe.
      Creamy Pumpkin Pasta Sauce with Sausage and Kale
    • Homemade shrimp toast cut in half showing abundant shrimp filling inside, with crispy golden sesame-topped toasts on plate, authentic Chinese shrimp toast recipe appetizer.
      Chinese Shrimp Toast (Fried, Air Fried, or Baked)
    • Anti-inflammatory turmeric ginger mushroom chicken bone broth in ceramic mug showing healing sippable golden broth with health benefits for wellness.
      Anti-Inflammatory Chicken Bone Broth w/Turmeric, Ginger, Mushrooms

    Let's Get Started!

    Made this Recipe? We'd love for you to rate ⭐️ it and tell us how it went for you!

    Print

    📖 Recipe

    clock clock iconcutlery cutlery iconflag flag iconfolder folder iconinstagram instagram iconpinterest pinterest iconfacebook facebook iconprint print iconsquares squares iconheart heart iconheart solid heart solid icon
    lobster tail cooked and sitting in a pool of melted clarified butter

    Delicious 4-Minute Lobster Tails with Clarified Butter (for one or a crowd)


    5 Stars 4 Stars 3 Stars 2 Stars 1 Star

    5 from 7 reviews

    • Author: Kelly
    • Total Time: 9 minutes
    • Yield: 1-12 servings
    • Diet: Low Calorie
    Print Recipe
    Pin Recipe

    Description

    If you love lobster as much as we do then this easy recipe is the only one you'll ever need. Not only does this tender buttery lobster taste as good (or better) than what you order at your favorite restaurant, it's affordable. Serve it for a special occasion dinner or when you want something delicious and low-calorie on a busy weeknight. It's easy, delicious, and ready in 4 minutes. Add a baked potato or salad and serve.


    Ingredients

    For the clarified lobster tails
    • 4-ounce sustainable wild-caught Maine lobster tails (113g)
    • a splash of Zatarain's liquid crab boil (optional, but recommended)
    • sea salt (or kosher salt) to taste
    For the clarified butter
    • salted butter (or use unsalted butter plus a pinch of sea salt to taste)
    Instacart Get Recipe Ingredients

    Instructions

    1. Clarify the butter. In a small pot, melt the butter slowly over medium-low heat.  When the milk solids begin to separate from the fat, skim the white foam off the top leaving only the clear part ("liquid gold"), and set aside.
    2. Prepare the cooking water. Bring a medium pot of salted water to a boil and reduce the temperature to just slightly more than a simmer and add the Zatarain's liquid crab boil (if using).
    3. Cook the lobster. Add the lobster tails to the simmering water and cook for approximately 3-4 minutes, or until lobsters turn bright red and start to curl slightly. Remove tails from the pot and using kitchen shears, carefully cut directly down the middle of the back of each shell and gently remove the meat. Serve it with a side of clarified butter for dipping and Enjoy!

    Notes

    • How salty should the water be? The cooking water should be slightly less salty than the sea. It should have enough salt that the cooked lobster will be seasoned but not overly so.
    • If you don't have Zatarain's liquid crab boil, you can skip it altogether and just use sea salt, or add the following items to your water along with the salt: ½ lemon, a few whole black peppercorn's, 1 small bay leaf, and a pinch of crushed red pepper flakes.
    • Can I use this recipe to make lobster rolls? Yes! This lobster recipe makes a very good base for easy and delicious Maine or Connecticut-style lobster rolls.
    • What can I pair this lobster with? Sweet tender lobster always pairs well with steak for an easy and delicious restaurant-quality "surf n' turf" dish.  Or if you're not into beef, add a salad and a baked potato and you're all set.
    • When feeding a crowd, and you want to serve the lobsters hot, a good trick is to cut the shells of the raw lobsters down the back before you cook them, leaving everything intact but making it easier for guests to pull out the lobster meat by themselves.  This saves you time, keeps the lobsters hot for the guests, and makes things really easy to present on a platter family style.

    Optional Lobster Cooking Water Addins

    Feel free to add a few more herbs and aromatics to the cooking water when you're boiling lobster tails. Be sure to allow any additional ingredients to have time to flavor the water before cooking the lobster tails. Since they only cook for 4 minutes, the water should be nicely flavored before adding the tails.

    • ½ lemon
    • a few whole black peppercorns
    • 1 bay leaf
    • Old Bay spice blend
    • Prep Time: 5 minutes
    • Cook Time: 4 minutes
    • Category: Fish + Seafood
    • Method: Stovetop
    • Cuisine: American

    Nutrition

    • Serving Size: 1 tail
    • Calories: 110

    Did you make this recipe?

    Tag @BITINGATTHEBITS on Instagram and hashtag it #BITINGATTHEBITS 

    Recipe Card powered byTasty Recipes

    Food Safety

    • Cook lobster to an internal temperature of 140-145°F (60-63°C)
    • Refrigerate cooked lobster within 2 hours of cooking
    • Discard any lobster that smells strongly of ammonia before or after cooking
    • Never thaw frozen lobster at room temperature
    • When in doubt, throw it out

    See more guidelines at USDA.gov.

    A Brief History of Lobster

    Lobster was consumed chiefly by the royal and aristocratic families of France and the Netherlands, appearing in Dutch paintings of the 16th and 17th centuries. In North America, the American lobster was once so plentiful it was used as garden fertilizer. Archaeological evidence shows lobster was being consumed regularly as a source of nutrition over 100,000 years ago in coastal fishing areas of Great Britain, South Africa, and Australia.

    Today, lobster is considered a luxury ingredient worldwide, but this simple boiling method proves you don't need restaurant prices to enjoy restaurant-quality lobster at home.

     

    More Easy Fish & Seafood Recipes

    • The best shrimp burger recipe served up in red burger baskets on a vintage carhop tray - crispy shrimp burgers on two potato buns with burger toppings including spicy wasabi mayo, shredded cabbage, pickles, cilantro and shallots with twice-fried french fries for a real classic drive in burger experience.
      Crispy Shrimp Burger Recipe (Homemade Teochew Shrimp Patties + Video)
    • Creamy blue crab risotto served in a white pasta bowl with whole cooked blue crab garnish, topped with fresh chives and a single fresh red chili pepper.
      Easy Crab Risotto Recipe (Risotto al Granchio Blu Classico + Video)
    • Crispy golden brown firecracker shrimp spring rolls stacked on a serving platter with the tails sticking out of each end.
      Chili Oil Firecracker Shrimp Spring Rolls (With Video)
    • A pasta bowl filled with black squid ink tagliatelle with crab meat sugo and chunks of crab with a hot pepper garnish on top.
      Easy Crab Linguine (Linguine Nero di Seppia al Granchio Blu)

    About Kelly Leding

    Global recipes from a NYC private chef and Chengdu cooking school founder, now living & cooking in Italy. Authentic Italian, Chinese, and Southern cuisine!

    Reader Interactions

    Comments

      Made the Recipe? Tell Us What You Think! Cancel reply

      Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *

      Recipe rating 5 Stars 4 Stars 3 Stars 2 Stars 1 Star

    1. Monika says

      August 03, 2025 at 5:30 pm

      delcious❤️

      Reply
    2. Omer says

      August 03, 2025 at 3:06 pm

      Was delicious for seafood pasta!

      Reply
    3. Reyes says

      June 03, 2025 at 2:31 am

      Much cheaper than restaurant lobster and just as delicious. Fixed it with melted butter (didn't mess with clarifying it), baked potatoes and a quick arugula salad..it's foolproof.

      Reply
    4. Walter says

      June 02, 2025 at 8:41 pm

      Impressive dish that takes a couple of minutes to make (was perfect for connecticut-style lobster rolls). Next time we'll try it with Main style.

      Reply
    5. Houston says

      May 21, 2025 at 7:40 pm

      This could not be easier and more delicious! I used frozen lobster tails and it was better than Red Lobster (way cheaper too)! Thanks

      Reply
    6. Don says

      May 13, 2025 at 6:57 am

      Used it for homemade lobster rolls, excellent!

      Reply
    7. Erin says

      April 01, 2025 at 9:00 pm

      Got 3 lobster tails on sale and made this for date-night dinner with the hubs - loaded baked potatoes, ready-to-bake cheddar biscuits and a salad...we saved so much money (and honestly it tasted better than what red lobster's been serving the past few years anyway🤣)!

      Reply

    Primary Sidebar

    A photo of Kelly doing a pasta making demonstration at The Broadway Panhandler in NYC, NY.

    Hi, I'm Kelly! A private chef helping busy families cook and enjoy tastier, less-processed meals at home. Born and raised in Arkansas, I've lived and worked in NYC, Sichuan China, and now Northeast Italy. Each of these places impacts the diverse way we cook, live, and celebrate life. You'll find a bit of everything here, whether you're new to cooking or you've made it all. If you love to eat, you're in the right place!

    A BIT MORE →

    Tasty Valentine's Day Recipes

    • Homemade har gow crystal shrimp dumpling on a pink marble platter showing translucent dumpling skin with pink shrimp visible inside.
      Har Gow Shrimp Dumplings 虾饺 (Ultimate Recipe Guide + Video)
    • Valentine's Day desserts recipes 9-photo compilation featuring Biscoff brownies, strawberry cheesecake, salted caramel cheesecake, fried cherry pies, devil's food cake cupcakes with chocolate ganache, strawberry scones, pan-banging chocolate chip cookies, strawberry cupcakes, and white chocolate vanilla bean crème brûlée cheesecake for romantic desserts for two or Valentine's Day dessert ideas.
      20 Best Valentines Day Desserts (Romantic Recipes for Two)
    • Pepperoni topped pizza in the shape of a heart that's been cut in a zigzag down the middle and slightly separated to reveal a broken heart pizza
      20-Minute Valentine's Day Heart-Shaped Pizza
    • a beautiful golden brown Florentine beef steak cooked perfectly
      Perfect Pan-Seared Thick-Cut Steak (Bistecca alla Fiorentina)
    Add me as a Google Source

    Chinese New Year Recipes

    • just steamed homemade money bag dumplings or beggar's purses in a bamboo steamer sitting on top of nappa cabbage leaves
      Steamed Pork & Chive Money Bag Dumplings
    • The best shrimp burger recipe served up in red burger baskets on a vintage carhop tray - crispy shrimp burgers on two potato buns with burger toppings including spicy wasabi mayo, shredded cabbage, pickles, cilantro and shallots with twice-fried french fries for a real classic drive in burger experience.
      Crispy Shrimp Burger Recipe (Homemade Teochew Shrimp Patties + Video)
    • zigzagged square wonton wrappers cut out and ready to be filled
      Easy Homemade Wonton Wrappers (Using Bread Flour)
    • Homemade shrimp toast cut in half showing abundant shrimp filling inside, with crispy golden sesame-topped toasts on plate, authentic Chinese shrimp toast recipe appetizer.
      Chinese Shrimp Toast (Fried, Air Fried, or Baked)
    • Perfectly pleated chicken dumplings on a sheet tray ready to be steamed.
      Chinese Chicken and Zucchini Dumplings w/Video (Chicken Jiaozi)
    • Homemade Asian sesame dressing in a small Weck Canning jar with toasted sesame seeds and fresh chives floating on top, showcasing its rich amber color and smooth texture.
      Asian Sesame Dressing (Easy 5-Minute Homemade Recipe + Video)

    Authentic Italian Lasagne Recipes

    • A slice of prosciutto cotto and mozzarella lasagna with cheese and tomato sauce oozing out.
      Italian Ham & Mozzarella Lasagna (Lasagna di Prosciutto Cotto e Mozzarella)
    • Traditional homemade lasagna bolognese with eight layers, showcasing rich meat sauce and handmade spinach egg pasta noodles in classic Italian culinary style.
      Authentic Lasagna Bolognese (Lasagne alla Bolognese +Video)
    • eggplant and zucchine parmigiana with text overlay stating the recipe was a pinterest and Food52 Grand Prize Recipe winner
      Mama A's Eggplant & Zucchini Parmigiana (Pinterest & Food52 Golden Recipe Grand Prize Winner)
    • Speck and Asparagus lasagna just out of the oven
      Italian Speck & Asparagus Lasagna (w/Asparagus Béchamel & Zucchini Crema)

    • HOME
    • ABOUT
    • Contact

    Footer

    ↑ back to top

    About

    • PRIVACY & COOKIE POLICY
    • ALL RECIPES

    Newsletter

    • Coming Soon!

    Contact

    • CONTACT

    As an Amazon Associate, I earn from qualifying purchases.

    COPYRIGHT© 2025 BITINGATTHEBITS.COM ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. NO IMAGES OR CONTENT CONTAINED ON THIS SITE MAY BE REPRODUCED IN WHOLE OR IN PART IN ANY MANNER WITHOUT THE EXPRESS WRITTEN PERMISSION OF THE COPYRIGHT OWNER.